Hypothermia Investigation Essay Example

Hypothermia Investigation Essay Use simple laboratory equipment to model a person so that a report can be produced on how effective each of the four pieces of advice given is at reducing the rate of heat loss from a body.What is Hypothermia?Hypothermia is a condition in which body temperature falls drastically as a result of exposure to cold. It may occur, for example, in hikers caught in a sudden cold front without sufficient clothing. The elderly can die from hypothermia at temperatures that would not harm younger persons. The condition involves the shutting off of blood flow to the bodys surface. First aid may involve wrapping the victim in blankets (along with the rescuer, if necessary). Hypothermia can be identified by the following symptoms* The body temp falls to 32.2oC or less* A slow pulse or slower breathing* Decrease in concentration e.g. slurred speech staggering decrease in mental skills and lack of response.* No shivering at low temperaturesTreatment at a hospital involves slowly raising the body temp erature by various means. Advice given to walkers to try and stop the causes of Hypothermia from occurring is:1. Always wear a hat.2. Wear many layers of clothes.3. Avoid clothes from becoming wet.4. Try to stay sheltered from the wind.HypothesisHeat Transfer, convection, radiation, or conduction are there tree causes of heat transfer. Although these three processes can occur simultaneously, it is not unusual for one mechanism to overshadow the other two. Heat, for example, is transferred by conduction through the brick wall of a house, the surfaces of high-speed aircraft are heated by convection, and the earth receives heat from the sun by radiationConductionThis is the only method of heat transfer in solids. If the temperature at one end of a metal rod is raised by heating, heat is conducted to the colder end, This is done by the passing of heat energy from atom to atom, This theory helps to explain why good electrical conductors also tend to be good heat conductors. Materials suc h as gold, silver, and copper have high thermal conductivity and conduct heat readily, but materials such as glass and asbestos have smaller values, conduct heat poorly, and are referred to as insulators. This can not occur in a vacuum, as there are no atoms to pass the heat energy on.ConvectionThere are three main features of heat transfer by convection they are:* In convection the atoms themselves move.* Whilst moving the atoms carry the heat energy.* The atoms loose the heat energy the further away from the heat source they travel.If, for example, water in a pan is heated from below, the liquid closest to the bottom expands and its density decreases. Therefore the hot water as a result rises to the top and some of the cooler water descends toward the bottom, this causes a circulatory motion called convection current. A convection current can not travel through a vacuum, as there are no particles to move and carry the heat energy.RadiationThis process is different from both conduc tion and convection in that the substances exchanging heat need not be in contact with each other. A vacuum can separate them. Heat energy in radiation is carried by infrared waves, which are given off by the heat source itself.Surfaces can absorb or reflect radiation. Generally, dull, rough surfaces absorb more heat than bright, polished surfaces. That is why cooking utensils generally have dull bottoms for good absorption and polished sides for minimum emission to maximise the heat transfer into the contents of the pot.Why the advice has been produced?Always wear a hat: This advice has been given, as the hat will trap a layer of air between the top of the head though the hair and then the hat. As air is a poor conductor, conduction can not occur in a strong enough for the heat energy to be able to pass the through the air through to hat. Heat loss through convection can also slowed as the atoms in the blood move the heat energy up into the head. This movement will be slowed, as th e material that the hat is made of will be a poor conductor of heat. Radiation may also have an effect with heat loss through the head because of the colour of the hair i.e. blond hair will reflect infrared radiation back into the head.Wear many layers of clothing: The clothes will trap layers of air between them and the next layer or the skin. This will slow heat loss through conduction, as air is a poor conductor. If the clothes are lightly coloured it will reflect all the infrared radiation back into the body. The more layers worn the longer it will take for a convection current to pass through.Avoid clothes from becoming wet: Damp clothes will loose heat more easily as when the body heats up the heat energy produced will be carried away through evaporation. Water is a poor conductor of heat so will cool the body down quicker. The body itself uses water in sweat glands. These glands secrete moisture, which evaporates and cools the body surface down.Shelter from the wind: The atom s in the wind help convection currents carry the heat energy away from the body. This same process is used in air-conditioning systems in homes and offices to cool down the buildings by blowing cool air currents through the top of the floor; this removes any convection currents and help slow down conduction.For this experiment we are going to reconstruct these pieces of advice that have been given to walkers. Personally I predict that the hat experiment will turn out with the best results. This is because of the conventional air and water currents transporting the heat energy away from the beaker.Preparation WorkTo help and carry out this experiment as successfully as possible a preparation experiment was carried out. This was to check which material out of a selection we were going to use to represent clothes for the proper experiment.The three materials that were tested to try and produce the best results for insulation were: Corrugated brown card, Bubble wrap and green school pap er towels. 100mls of hot water were poured into three beakers and left for ten minutes. The temperature of the water was taken at the start and also at the end and compared with the other materials. The results were as follows:materialTemperature at start (o/c)Temperature at end (o/c)Corrugated card8561Paper towel8764Bubble wrap8762To make this a fair test the same amount of water was used, the beakers were only wrapped with one layer of the material and the temperatures for the beakers were all taken at the same time with digital clocks. As the results show paper towel was the best insulator so this meant that this was going to be used in the investigation to represent clothing. To represent a hat in the experiments polystyrene and corrugated card were cut out into the shape of the top of the beaker. A hole was placed in with a pencil to place through the thermomiter whilst recording the temperatures, this was then coated in tin-foil to help keep in infrared radiation heat inside.M ethodBy using the simple laboratory equiptment we had to investigate the best piece of advice that had been given. To try and keep these experiments fair we used the same amount of water (100mls) meausered form a measuring cylinder, the same colour paper towels (so not to interfere with the radiation given off and then reflected back by different colours). The same lid for each of the required and three out of the four experiments were conducted in the same position in the same lab so try and not alter room temperature. To try and not cause any anomalies we would just use the items required that were set (eg there were no paper towels wrapped around the beakers for the hat experiment).For the hat experiment the lid was placed on top of the beaker with the thermometer in the hole. 100mls of water from the kettle was measured and poured into the beaker the first reading was took and the clock was started. Once every minute for ten minutes a reading was taken and recorded for ten minut es. This was then repeated with out the lid on and the results were recorded.To investigate the clothing advice 100mls of water from the kettle was poured into the beaker. One paper towel was wrapped around the beaker and held into place by tape. Results were again taken once a minute for ten minutes. This experiment was carried out a second time with two layers of paper towel wrapped the beaker and results recorded.For the experiment to investigate the damp clothes advice 100mls of hot water from the kettle was poured into the beaker. This was wrapped with one paper towel that had been soaked in water from the tap. This was stuck to the side of the beaker with tape and the hot water was added. Results were taken ten times in ten minutes and recorded.Placing a fan on full power aimed at a beaker standing on a tripod produced the wind experiment. 100mls of water was added to the beaker and results were taken and recorded once a minute.ApparatusThe following pieces of apparatus were u sed to conduct these experiments: a Pyrex beaker, thermometer, clock, kettle, tap water, tape, paper towels, hand made lid, electric fan, tripod and a measuring cylinder. These all fit under the category of simple laboratory equipment as specified in the task.ResultsThe hat experimentThe experiment was carried out in science 3 on a cold dayWith lid placed on beakerTime (minutes)Temperature (o/c)Start741732703694675666647638619601058The same results were taken without the lid being placed on the beakerTime (minutes)Temperature (o/c)Start741722683654635616597578559541054Wear many layers of clothesThis experiment was conducted in science four on a cold dayWith one layerTime (minutes)Temperature (o/c)Start671662643614595586577558639521051With two layersTime (minutes)Temperature (o/c)Start671652633624605586567558539521051The keep all clothes dryThe experiment was conducted on science four on a cold dayOne layer of damp paper towelsTime (minutes)Temperature (o/c)Start721662603574555536507 498479451044One layer of dry paper towelsTime (minutes)TemperatureStart761722693664645636617598579561055Wind experimentExperiment conducted on a cold day in science fourFan on full powerTime (minutes)Temperature (o/c)Start781692643584545506487458429401038No windTime (minutes)Temperature (o/c)Start751722683664635616587568559531052EvaluationAll four of these experiments were designed to model a human body and the circumstances that cause hypothermia. From my hypothesis I predicted that the experiment with the hat would turn out with the best result, but this was proved wrong by the experiment with the fan. The reason for this is that the stronger airflow will have produced a faster convectional current taking the heat energy away from the beaker faster than normal. This proves that sheltering from the wind is the main way of stopping the symptoms of hypothermia from setting in.The sources of errorAs these experiments were only carried out once to fit in with the amount of work in the space of time there could have been a number of sources of error to cause anomolys these are:* The difference in room temperature in the two rooms used.* The amount of tape on the beakers, as this was not measured* The time taken to get the water from the kettle, let the thermometer reach the right height and then record and start the clock.* The amount of water may have always not have been the same e.g. just less/more than the required 100 mls.* The temperature may have not been taken exactaly on one minute from the previous time.* The temperature on the thermometer may have not been exactly at a certain degree and may have been in between two and rounded.* The paper towels when wrapped around the beaker may have been too slack or taught.* The paper towels may have covered the bottom of the beaker in some of the experiments.* The hat might have not been placed on top of the beaker properly leaving room for heat to be carried away from the beaker.

Prevention and Control of Common Conifer Tree Diseases

Prevention and Control of Common Conifer Tree Diseases Like any kind of tree, the conifer is susceptible to a number of diseases that can damage or destroy it. Sometimes, these diseases strike trees in the forest; other times, only urban or suburban trees are stricken. Dead and dying trees are unsightly but theyre also a potential safety hazard. In populated areas, rot can cause limbs to drop or entire trees to collapse, especially during storms. In forested areas, dead trees can dry out, creating fuel for potential forest fires.  By learning how to recognize different conifer diseases, you can improve the health of trees on your property and preserve the integrity of the local ecosystem. Types of Conifer Disease Softwood or coniferous trees can be harmed or killed by disease-causing organisms called pathogens. The most common tree diseases are caused by fungi, though some diseases are caused by bacteria or viruses. Fungi lack chlorophyll and derive nourishment by feeding on (parasitizing) trees. Many fungi are microscopic but some are visible in the form of mushrooms or conks. Other factors affecting tree disease include climate and where the tree or trees are planted. Not all parts of a tree may be affected or exhibit symptoms. Disease may strike the needles, stem, trunk, roots, or some combination thereof. In some instances, trees can be saved by applying pesticides, trimming the diseased portions, or removing neighboring trees to provide more room. In other cases, the only solution is to remove the tree entirely. Needle Cast Needle cast is a group of tree diseases that cause conifers to shed needles. The symptoms of needle cast tree disease first appear on needles as light green to yellow spots, which eventually turn red or brown. Tiny black fruiting bodies form on the surface of the needles before or after the infected needles are shed. If left untreated, fungal growth can kill the entire needle. Treatment options include applying fungicides, removing diseased needles at first sign of infection, and trimming neighboring greenery to prevent overcrowding. Needle Blight This group of needle blight tree diseases, including Diplodia, Dothistroma and brown spot, attack conifers at the needles and on twig tips. Infected needles often fall from the tree, creating a denuded look. Blight can result in dramatic browning of the foliage, beginning on the lower branches. Repeated annual cycles of infection can result in dead limbs and eventual loss of any meaningful ornamental value. The most effective treatment option is  copper fungicide spray, but you may have to spray repeatedly in order to break the life cycle of the fungi that causes blight. Canker, Rust, and Blister The term canker is used to describe a dead or blistered area in the bark, branch, trunk of an infected tree. Dozens of species of fungi cause canker diseases.   Cankers often appear as waxy discharge on the bark. Blisters or galls appear on branches and look like cysts or tumors on the surface of the bark and may also occasionally produce a waxy or yellowish discharge. Often, lower branches will be the first to show symptoms. Treatment options include pruning affected areas and applying a fungicide. Wilts and Root Diseases These are wood-decay diseases. They may get in through wounds in the lower part of the tree or penetrate roots directly. They involve the roots and in some cases the butt also. These fungi travel from tree to tree either through the air or soil.   Symptoms include die-off of needles on entire branches or limbs, peeling bark, and dropped branches. As rot progresses, the underlying root structure decays, making the tree unstable.  Treatment options are few; in many cases, the entire tree must be removed. If you plan to treat a diseased tree yourself, remember to follow all product directions if using fungicide. Make sure you are properly equipped and wearing goggles, gloves, and other safety gear if you plan to remove part or all of a tree. When in doubt, call a professional tree service. Sources Murray, Madeline. Diseases of Conifers. Utah State University Extension. 3 February 2009.Pataky, Nancy. Common Conifer Diseases of Forests. The University of Illinois Extension. 2009.Wollaeger, Heidi. Preventing, Diagnosing, and Managing Diseases in Conifers. Michigan State University Extension. 5 December 2013.

Enterprise Business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Enterprise Business - Assignment Example It is very necessary that the company should have some personnel that can make quick decisions but not rushed decisions because delay in making a decision may lead to losses for the company (Timmons, 1989). Another major quality that a company wants in his employees is the professionalism, and being an entrepreneurial person it is the innate ability of the person to be professional in his attitude and way of conduct; the greatest ability that an entrepreneurial person has is the ability of negotiations and making deals. He knows how to deal with people belonging to different professions and tactfully manipulate the person in to his own talk and make the other person accept what you want. In the previous company in which I had been working my entrepreneurial qualities came quite handy for the company. Initially when I joined the company it wasn’t a much strong and large company, but then I devoted myself for the company and used my innate qualities and abilities of an entrepren eur to make the company one of the largest company. I made many different deals some of which of which were risky, the company at first refused to take risks but then they trusted me and I made the decision and the company’s shares and value increased a lot. ... The company is always in search of new business deals that can benefit their reputation and market value and an entrepreneur is the only person that can make it happen (Cartwright, 2002). QUESTION 2 Like every great personality has to face great many difficulties and problems to on their way to become what they are today. Likewise I also had to travel a long and difficult road to become what I am today. The greatest obstacle that came in my life was my own self. The weaknesses in me were the greatest obstacle that I had to face in my way to success. A person should know his weaknesses and strengths so that he can transform his weakness into his strength and utilize his strengths to his fullest. The greatest weakness in me that caused a lot of trouble for me in my business was that I easily trust people. This weakness of mine initially leads to me trouble and losses but then I soon realized where my fault was and I then had to rectify it; I then started thinking of ways to get rid of this habit. I then tried hard not to trust people and before trusting anyone I made a great deal of investigation and tchen took some further step. Soon experience taught me who to trust and who not to. People won’t believe but I was an extremely shy person and this was a major weakness that I had to overcome otherwise this would have created a lot of trouble for me and I could never succeed. I used to look in the mirror whenever I had time and looked into my eye and talked to myself and used to tell myself that I was confident and that I could do anything and eventually I overcame my shyness (Stein & Walker, 2002). Another weakness that I was able to overcome was that I used to make hasty decisions and I had to rectify this habit. With

Critique of Mrs. Jones (Pseudonym) Assessment Criteria Essay

Critique of Mrs. Jones (Pseudonym) Assessment Criteria - Essay Example Preoperative Assessment VI. Clinical Nursing and Management VII. Intra-operative Assessment and Care VIII. Planning and Preparation for Safe Administration of Anesthesia IX. Intra-operative Monitoring Techniques Applied X. Anesthesia Techniques Used XI. Hemodynamic Management of Patient XII. Additional Precautionary Equipment Used XIII. Anesthesia Agents and Analgesia Used XIV. Post-operative Assessment and Care XV. References Case Analysis: Critique of Mrs. Jones (Pseudonym) Assessment Criteria Introduction Mrs. Jones is an 82 year old female patient who has been admitted for colonoscopy +/- polypectomy for PR bleeding. This condition has been persistent in her system, given the fact that she had been diagnosed of the same problem earlier in 2010, together with other complications. Arrangements had been made for her to attend a twenty days pre-admission clinic before surgery. Prior to her admission for surgery, she was taken through a preoperative nursing assessment. This paper is a critique of this assessment and Mrs. Jones management at large from the pre and intra operative care through, to the handover stage with the post-anesthetic care nursing. It majorly singles out the factors that may impact the patient’s care throughout the pre and the intra operative anesthesia experience. Litwack (2009:1) suggest that, it is important that all health care team should be aware of the patient’s medical history, and previous surgeries. Additionally, they should be aware of the patient’s family history of diseases. This information is important for planning and instituting pre and post anaesthesia care. Taylor and Welleford (2009:707) have suggested that cardiovascular systems have the most influence on anaesthesia and general outcome. This means that preoperative interview and pre assessment can decrease the risk and improve immediate peri procedure outcomes and the long term clinical outcome. Preoperative Assessment and Care Preoperative stage pr ovides a chance for the beginning of a thorough assessment of surgical patients. This section includes activities like patient-centered interviews that are aimed at gathering critical information that will contribute to a patient’s successful experience and an outlined and goal directed care plan. Mrs. Jones went through a preoperative interview and reassessment stage for twenty days before the surgery. This stage included a pre-anesthesia consultation conducted by an anesthetic registrar. The consultation by the anesthetic registrar prior to the day of surgery revealed vital information about Mrs. Jones which may impact the care she receives in the pre and intra operative stages of the whole surgical procedure. ANZCA (2008:1) recommended that the pre-anesthesia consultation should include the patient’s health status and medical history and a plan of the anesthesia. Furthermore it should include an interview and a discussion with the patient and their family regarding to anesthetic management. The discussion should be of factors which are of significance to the patient. At the end of it, a confirmation about the patient’s identity and consent to the procedure after an explanation of the anesthesia with its related the procedures should be obtained (ANZCA, 2008:1). Clinical Presentation The American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status classification system is very useful for assessing the statistical analysis of a patient’s health status (Sherief, 2011:1). Mrs. Jones is eighty two years old, female, graded 3 by ASA, and has a history of multiple health problems. Mrs. Jones currently is admitted for colonoscopy +/- polypectomy for PR bleeding. This grading of three by the American Society of anesthesiologists was because her condition was coupled with a multiple medical history a

Project Management - Organization and Communication (U5GP) Essay

Project Management - Organization and Communication (U5GP) - Essay Example This school is located in Lawton, Oklahoma; has the wolverine as a mascot; and possesses the following breakdown of students per grade: The above information is significant since the type of uniforms supplied will differ by grade. Although the overall style will remain the same throughout the grades, each grade will have its own unique identifying color in order to allow school officials to quickly differentiate among students. The first goal has already been accomplished, and that was to gather basic information regarding the amount of students to supply uniforms for and grade level of those students, as discussed herein. The second goal will be to speak with school representatives regarding the style and grade level color choices that they can make with regard to the school uniforms. The third goal will be to outline a budget for the school uniforms. Based on that budget, a list of potential suppliers can be drawn up and catalogs of uniform choices presented to school officials. Finally, school officials will be able to choose a supplier from the gathered list based upon their unique needs and the criteria outlined above. According to Mochal (2006, pg. 1), â€Å"Effective communication is a key element of successful project management.† Cornelius and Associates (2008, pg. 1) add that, â€Å"Communication not only keeps everyone up-to-date on the project progress, but also facilitates buy-in and ownership of major project decisions and milestones. To ensure the success of a project much information, including expectations, goals, needs, resources, status reports, budgets and purchase requests, needs to be communicated on a regular basis to all the major stakeholders.† For this particular project, the description in the paragraph above means that each step of the prior discussed goals will need to be communicated with school officials, as

Culture Sources Of Conflict Than Of Synergy Cultural Studies Essay

Culture Sources Of Conflict Than Of Synergy Cultural Studies Essay Cultures can be high context or low context depending on the ways of communication. Low context culture is the one which is more explicit, communication is direct and things are fully but concisely spelled out. People dont think about what other people are going to think of them if they behaved in a particular way. A high context culture is the one in which the communicators assume a great deal of commonality of knowledge and views, so that its less explicit. People act according to the situations in this culture, there is more emphasis on gestures. One has to read between the lines. Cultures can also be monochronic or polychoronic, monochronic is when the managers like to do one thing at a time, they value orderliness and sense of there being an appropriate time and place for everything on the other hand polychronic culture encourages multitasking and doing multiple things at a time. Then there is future, present and past oriented cultures. Past oriented societies are more bound by the traditional values and ways of doing things. These cultures tend to be more conservative in management and less adaptive. Present oriented societys focuses on the present, they prefer short term benefits over the long term goals. Future oriented societies have a great deal of optimism about the future. They focus on long term benefits, expansion and growth. Discussion: Communication can be greatly affected by the difference in cultures and the languages spoken, or unspoken? Well yes, we are talking about the silent language here which can impact international business. There are different languages which are non-verbal and are not communicated directly but communicate up to ninety percent of the meaning in the high context cultures, like the language of time, space, friendship, business patterns, etc. There are different unspoken languages just like there are different spoken languages. The unspoken languages are informal yet they can have a great impact. There is language of time which is different for people belonging to different cultures. For example, In the U.S. a delay in answering a communication could be because of the backlog of work, and a large volume of business causing the request to be postponed, but on the other hand, the person awaiting response might think that the matter has low priority on the part of the other person -lack of interest. A similar kind of delay in another foreign country may mean something altogether different. Like time, language of space has a different meaning everywhere too. Americans measure their importance or position in the organization according to the size of their offices. The president or the chairman has the biggest office, and so on down the line. French on the other hand are more likely to layout space as a network and often find a supervisor in the middle of his subordinates. Also body distance is very important factor of language of space, in countries like middle east, people get to o close ,crowd the physical being whereas in, UK people prefer being a little cold and distant. But at the same time it is important to know the extent to which people are acceptable about the distance. Though Saudi-Arabia is a high touch culture inappropriate use of touch in advertising messages may cause problems. For example, Drakkar noir perfume advert in Europe is a mans hand clutching the perfume bottle and a womans hand seizing his bare forearm, whereas in the Saudi-Arabian version a mans arm is clothed in a dark jacket sleeve, and woman is touching the mans hand only with her fingertip. The sensuality is toned down and made less explicit in the Saudi-Arabian version (Hollensen, 2007). So though these countries are high touch cultures, we should also remember that these cultures are also high-context cultures. Then there is also language of agreements between people in various countries wherein rules are legally bound and the executives are expected to have a basic awareness of the rules. These rules can be laws and regulations of a country or maybe a moral practice that is followed in that country as a tradition or the informal customs to which everyone confirms without being able to state the exact rules. (Hall, 1960). Culture influences various attitudes towards food, health, media, consumption, country of origin, lifestyle, values, sex and love related attitudes, etc The factors are very closely related and in turn affect the marketing strategies a company adopts like pricing of a product, advertising and promotions, choosing a target market, product adaptation (Hollensen, 2007). For example, In India, The Hindu religion doesnt permit to eat beef. Therefore McDonalds in India doesnt serve the big Mac, instead the product has been adapted to suit the Indian consumers renamed as the maharaja Mac consisting of lamb (Harding, 2000). These aspects influence the consumer behaviour. In many countries, colors represent various holidays; they are also used to express feelings. The language of colour can influence international business, if its not promoted properly. One example of this can be Pepsi, Pepsi cola lost its dominant market share to coke in south-east Asia when Pepsi changed the colour of its v ending machines and coolers from deep regal blue to light ice blue as light blue is associated with mourning and death in south east Asia. There also a need to be careful with the brand designs, product and package design, colour, brand name and symbols because the attitudes of people towards these symbols or names could be different in different countries. Some conventional brand names that communicate positive messages in one country might have a totally different meaning in another which may substantially damage the corporate image and marketing effectiveness. When Pepsi was expanding in china a few years ago, the slogan Pepsi brings you back to life was literally translated in Chinese which meant brings your ancestors back from the grave. The above mentioned parts of a culture are the most fundamental ones, yet other parts also have a large impact on the culture. Things such as tradition, customs, humour, and education are all components of a culture that, if studied and understood, will reduce potential misunderstandings. It is important for companies to engage in business abroad in order to stay competitive. Even though the decision to start trading with foreign countries may seem rational and unavoidable, for many companies there are obstacles that could and will affect the business Outcome. It is important to have a thorough understanding of all impacts the international Trade will have on the business and its performances and there are several ways to overcome these obstacles. One way is to educate and inform the workers about the cultural differences and the specific business procedures in the countries. Managers should also try to make use of the local employees that possess valuable knowledge about the market that is adopting a regiocentric approach. Also the managers should be less ethnocentric and more polycentric towards the foreign culture. A deeper economic integration through EU and ASEAN and other such trade agreements will eliminate tariffs among the member countries and harmonize business procedures and regulations. With this free trade liberalization, non-tariff barriers to trade will also be reduced as countries and cultures become more unified (Kogut Singh, 1988). For companies doing business overseas it is crucial to not only know your own companys Customs, but in addition compare these with the honouring countrys customs of behaviour. This applies, in particular, to companies which operate in countries where the home culture is that of a complete different nature. In order to understand different peoples behaviours it is imperative to look at the different levels of culture and how these affect the individuals in different scenarios. The different levels are national cultu re, business culture, organizational Culture and individual behaviour. The countrys national culture is directly impacting the business culture in the country. In turn, the business culture will have an apparent influence over each and every company within that country. All of these levels will ultimately affect the individuals behaviour. In countries where religion has a major impact on the business procedures, managers should prepare themselves and their personnel by collecting information about the religion and the typical behaviours and manners that are incorporated. By increasing the knowledge and familiarity with the specific religion, it will become easier to accept and understand why certain procedures are taking place, especially when doing business. The culture of a host country is sometimes completely different to culture in the home country. Thus, when striving to recruit the right people companies need to focus on internal training and trying to shape the person in respect to the corporate culture instead of finding the perfect match in an interview process. It is absolutely crucial that the companies start looking beyond the persons abilities at the early stage and instead try to sell the corporate culture as an alternative to changing the personality. Since the national culture and as well the business culture are directly correlated to how the individuals act, it is crucial to understand the individual behaviours in the specific country that the company is operating in. Cultures are embedded in every conflict because conflicts arise in human relationships. Though conflicts cannot be completely eliminated in an organization it can definitely be minimized. Forcing 100% cultural assimilation of those who fall outside the cultural norm is one path as well, but it breeds resentment and ultimate conflict. Sometimes the cultural diversity in an organization is seen as having no impact at all and the diversity is ignored also known as the parochial philosophy, but this results in the marginalization of people who fall outside the cultural norm (Mooij, 2003). Therefore, it is important to implement useful strategies that would reduce the conflicts rather than instigating them. Managers must be skilled at resolving and understanding cross cultural conflicts so that if at all conflicts arise managers are able to resolve the conflict without affecting the productivity. Employ people from the host country so that they have adequate knowledge about the culture and the language of the host country, these regional managers can thus provide further training to the employees from home country. When a company relocates to a new site abroad, relocation services offered by organization should go beyond moving and new community information as employees require orientation to the realities and opportunities of the new cultural environment. When an organization moves to a new place, quickening of the work pace can result in resentment and burnout, therefore involving employees in co-operative efforts to regulate and monitor change in the work environment would be a good idea. There are various cross cultural approaches which can be used by the managers. Cultural dominance, when one organization is in a more powerful position than the other, the more powerful one dominates, insisting on doing things as they are done in the home culture. Cultural accommodation approach, this is opposite of cultural dominance, this is when managers tend to imitate the culture of the host country, attempting to blend in. Cultural compromise approach, this approach is a combination of the two approaches mentioned above, with both the sides conceding something to work together more successfully. This approach can be used by the managers to minimise cultural conflicts and function efficiently. Cultural avoidance, this approach emphasizes on working and managing as if no cultural conflict exists, most often used by managers when the unresolved issue is less important than the final outcome of the situation or the negotiation. Cultural synergy approach, this approach develops new solutions that respect all cultures involved and often increases the chances fo r working effectively in a transcultural environment. For example, if a French firm insists that negotiations with a German to be done in French it is an example of cultural dominance approach, if Germans agree immediately then it is an example of cultural accommodation. If both parties decide to get an interpreter, it is an example of cultural compromise. However, if both German and French agree to negotiate in a third language, it is the cultural synergy approach. This third language can be a language known to both the parties so that none of the parties have a language advantage over the other But we can end the topic saying, what comprises of conflict in one culture is daily difference of opinion in another. A serious insult in one setting -crossing ones leg -is a matter of comfort in another. An arrogant challenge in one culture -putting ones hands on hips -is a sign of openness in another. Human boundaries are cultural creations; social boundaries, legal boundaries and emotional boundaries are all drawn according to each cultures value (Mooij, 2003). So culture can act as a catalyst in bringing people together if used appropriately and to the organizations benefit, but if disrespected and ignored can also create major conflicts eventually leading to failure of the business.

Claude Monet :: Biography

Claude Monet Claude Monet was one of the founding fathers of French Impressionism. Monet's concern was to reflect the influence of light on a subject. He never abandoned his Impressionist painting style until his death in 1926 when Fauvism and Cubism were en vogue and when abstract painting came into existence. First Painting Lessons Claude Monet was born in Paris, but grew up in Le Havre. His first artistic output was caricatures when he was a little boy. Close to his home was a little shop owned by a marine painter, Mr. Eugene Boudin. He recognized the talent of the boy and gave him his first painting lessons. Claude's family was not very happy about his vocation for painting. In 1860 he was drafted and had to go to Northern Africa for two years. After his return from Africa he went to Paris and took painting lessons at Gleyre's studio in Paris. At the studio he got to know Auguste Renoir, Sisley, Bazille and others. The nucleus of the future Impressionist movement was born. Painting en plein air Soon Monet turned away from the traditional style of painting inside a studio. With his new friends he went outside in the Fontainebleau forest to paint in the open air. But the public and art critics ridiculed these new paintings that looked so different from any conventional art style. In a caricature published in a newspaper, they were mocked with the proposal of chasing away the Prussian enemy by showing them Impressionist paintings - not very nice! When the Franco-Prussian war of 1870/71 broke out, Monet chose to go to London with his friend Pissarro. There he saw the paintings of William Turner in the museums of London. The House in Giverny After 1880 the public slowly begun to recognize the value of impressionism. Monet Claude and his friends could finally get some solid income from the sales of their paintings. In 1883 Monet rented a house in Giverny about 50 kilometers outside of Paris. Later, in 1890, he bought the house where he should stay until his death in 1926. Claude Monet and Serial Paintings In 1890 Monet began to paint systematically the same subjects under different light conditions. The first subject was the haystacks behind his house. As the light changed during the day faster than he could paint, he worked simultaneously on several canvases. At the end he had painted 25 different versions of the hay stacks. More of the series paintings followed - the Rouen Cathedral, views of Venice or the Thames in London with the Houses of Parliament and other landmarks in London - often in the fog.

Customer Service Review Questions Essay

What are some innate qualities or characteristics that make people unique? Innate qualities are qualities and characteristics that one is born with and has within them. Some innate qualities that make people unique are race, ethnicity, gender, height, natural hair color, and birth order. What external or societal factors affect the way members of a group are seen or perceived? Some external factors that affect the way members are seen the way they dress, talk, act, which religion they support, and how they communicate and treat people. What are values? Values are long-term appraisals of the worth of an idea, person, place, thing or practice held by individuals, groups or cultures. They affect attitudes and behavior. Do beliefs differ from values? Explain. Beliefs are convictions arising from repetitive experience showing some logical consistency. When beliefs get stronger, they from into principles and philosophies called values. So things start out as beliefs and turn into values that are held onto and passed down Why would some people be reluctant to make eye contact with you? There could be a number of reasons why one wouldn’t make eye contact with you. It could be a culteral thing, where it is considered rude to look people in the eye. It could be that they are nervous or shy and feel awkward making eye contact. Or the nonverbal cues that you’re giving off may have them a bit scared or too intimidated to approach you. When dealing with customers with a disability, how can you best help them? When dealing with customers with disabilities, the most important thing is to treat them equally as you would with any other customer that walks through the door. Be prepared and informed, be careful not to patronize, refer to the person and not the disability, offer assistance but do not rush to help without them asking, and lastly, be respectful. How can recognition of the cultural value of â€Å"importance of family† be helpful in customer service? Recognizing the importance of family would be helpful in customer service because it shows the customer that relationships are important forming a trust relationship with your customers. Customers like to feel secure and trusted when dealing with anyone in customer service so they know that they are feeling heard. What are some considerations for improving communication in a diverse environment? The diverse nature of the customer population requires businesses to be aware of the various ways people from different cultures interact in the business setting. Being aware of all the different cultures prepares you for whoever walks through the door and needs help understanding certain things and communicating effectively. Avoid jokes, sarcasm, and have respect for the person. How can you effectively communicate with someone who has difficulty with the English language? The best way to communicate with people that struggle with the English language or any language that is foreign to them is to use general nonverbal communication, like smiling. Avoid slang and sarcasm, as well as jokes. Stick to basic general terms. What are some techniques for effectively providing service to older customers? Effective techniques for dealing with the elderly are being respectful, being patient, answering any questions they have, try not to sound patronizing or bossy, remaining professional and don’t let biases interfere with good service.

Informative Essay Sample on Water Unusual Properties

Informative Essay Sample on Water Unusual Properties Introduction Water is an essential ingredient for the existence of life as we know it. Biochemical processes occur in aqueous environments, many of which use water. Water also plays a significant role in the process of photosynthesis ( 6 CO2 + 6H2O + 672kcal - C6H12O6 + 6O2 ). Photosynthesis is the most basic and significant chemical reaction on earth, providing the primary nutrients, directly or indirectly, for all living organisms and is the primary source of atmospheric oxygen. Without water and its unique and unusual properties, life as we know it on earth would not exist. Water is the only substance naturally present on the earth that exists in three distinct states -solid, liquid, and gas. Many of the unique properties in the take for granted include the three physical phases, transparency, universal solvents, density behavior and temperature, high specific heat, high heat of vaporization, viscosity, surface tension and low compressibility. To understand why these properties exist in water and why they are essential to life on earth it is important to look at the shape and bonding patterns of the molecule because the uniqueness of water is a direct result of its shape and bonding patterns. The shape of the water molecule In the water molecule the oxygen atom is the central atom. It has four pairs of valence electrons surrounding it. Two of these pairs are shared which form the shared pairs form covalent bonds with the hydrogen atoms. The remaining two pairs are unshared and have a greater repulsive effect than the shared pairs. The combined repulsive effect of the two unshared electron pairs produces an H-O-H bond angle that is smaller than the H-C-H bond angle (109.47 degrees) in methane or the H-N-H bond angle (107 degrees) in ammonia. Actual measurement of the bond angle in water is 104.5. If the two hydrogen nuclei were as far apart as possible the angle would be 109.47. The unique bond angle in water is only 104.5 degrees. The resulting shape of the molecule is referred to as bent or angular. Traditionally the VESPR model theory is used to predict molecular shape. See appendix A. Chemical bonding To understand the unusual properties of water as well as what causes them we need to have a basic understanding of the chemical bonding and the structure of the water molecule. The shape of the water molecule is determined in part by the chemical bonding that occurs. For a brief review of chemical bonding see appendix B. The water molecule consists of the elements hydrogen and oxygen. The chemical bonds in the water molecule are covalent bonds since the hydrogen atoms combine with the oxygen atoms in shared electron pairs. The oxygen atoms exerts a relatively strong pull on the shared electron pairs which causes the hydrogen atom to become electropositive regions and the oxygen atoms to become an electronegative region. The water molecule is considered a polar molecule because the positive and negative regions are not evenly distributed around a center point. The water molecule due to its polar nature is electrostatically attracted to other water molecules as well as other ions in solution. The attraction of the electropositive hydrogen atom to the electronegative oxygen atom of an adjacent water molecule is the bridging phenomenon known as hydrogen bonding and is only about 10 percent the strengths of a covalent bond. This special bond is responsible for most of the unusual properties of water: high freezing and boiling points, high heat capacity, high heats of fusion and evaporation, solvency, and high surface tension. Let us look more closely at the bonding patterns of water. Polar Covalent Bond When oxygen and hydrogen atoms are brought together the difference in their electronegativities is not sufficient to yield ions. Instead they must share a pair of electrons between them forming a covalent bond. Some sharing is more equal than others and oxygens greater electronegativity draws the electron pairs closer to its nucleus and further away from the hydrogens nuclei. This results in a concentration of negative charges nearer the oxygen atom and thus further from the positively charges protons that make the nuclei of the hydrogen atoms. The bond formed is intermediate between a fully ionic bond and a purely covalent bond. There is a separation of charges but not complete as in the formation of ions. The partial charge that is produced is symbolized by d. In Water, one side of the molecule, where the hydrogen atoms are, will be partially positively charged. The other side with the unshared pairs of electrons will be negatively charged. As a whole the molecule is polar. So it c an be said that the water molecule has a polar covalent bond. The polarity of the water molecule makes mutual attraction between water molecules possible. The Hydrogen Bond Each molecule has a d- and d+ region. The attraction occurs between the d- and d+ regions (remember unlike charges attract). This means that each water molecule attracts four other water molecules to it. The hydrogen atom is attracted to the oxygen atom of the adjacent water molecule. Each oxygen atom can associate with two hydrogen atoms of other nearby water molecule through its unshared pair of electrons. The force of attraction between these polar molecules is not as strong as a covalent or ionic bond but strong enough to be significant. It is important enough to be called the HYDROGEN BOND. It is the hydrogen bonding that occurs between water molecules that accounts for many of the remarkable and vital properties of water that make the presence of water synonymous with life itself. Firstly, the ability of water to remain liquid over a large portion of the range of temperatures found on earth is one such vital property. Other molecules, as small as water (eg CO2), change from liquid to gas at temperatures far below that of water. It is also the Hydrogen bond which is responsible for the large amount of heat energy needed to convert water from liquid to gas. Water is therefore a great stabilizer of temperature which is essential to the survival of life on this planet. It accounts for more moderate temperatures near large bodies of water. This property is also exploited by many living organisms. Sweat, and its evaporation is a vital cooling process for biological mammals and depend greatly on the large amount of heat energy required to break the hydrogen bonds between wate r molecules. Hydrogen bonding maintains the integrity of the water molecule during chemical reactions. Other compounds undergo chemical changes (ionization), where as water will maintain its chemical integrity. As a result water is a poor conductor of electrical current. Hydrogen bonding is the reason for the lower density of ice relative to water. In conclusion, three main unique features which are the consequences of hydrogen bonding in water are: melting point, surface tension, density. These and other unique properties of water are responsible for the important role that water plays in life. Water’s Important Role Water is the single most abundant molecule in living things. It provides the medium in which most biochemical interactions occur. Some biochemical reactions water is involved in are: cellular respiration, digestion, and photosynthesis. Water is the home for many animals, plants and micro-organisms. Water is involved in the cycling of all other material by living things both on a local and global scale. Water has a number of unique and unusual properties that are responsible for its important roles it plays in the biosphere. BOILING AND MELTING POINTS. Water has unusually high boiling and freezing points compared to other compounds with similar molecular structure. A comparison of boiling and freezing points can be seen in the following chart. Notice only water has a boiling and melting point that exists within the range of life. The boiling point of water is a unique 100oC results is and the freezing point is a remarkable 0oC due to the fact of the polar nature of the water molecule and hydrogen bonding. Two important, but not unique, properties of water for life are that water is liquid at normal temperatures over much of the earth and that water is transparent. If water were not liquid, nutrients could not flow from soil to the roots of plants, blood could not circulate, and bodies of organisms would be so rigid that they could not move. If water were not transparent, light could not penetrate through cellular protoplasm into chloroplasts to drive photosynthesis in plants, you would be blind because light could not penetrate through the vitreous humor to the retina of your eyes, and light could not penetrate into lakes to allow growth of phytoplankton. Clearly life cannot exist without the amazing properties of water. SOLVENT CAPABILITY. A solvent is a substance capable of dissolving another substance (solute) to form a homogeneous mixture (solution) at a molecular level. The polar nature of water makes it an excellent solvent especially with other polar compounds such as salts, alcohols, carboxylic compounds and many more. As a solvent water is unsurpassed in it’s ability to dissolve a wide range of inorganic and organic substances. More substances dissolve in water than any other known substance. The versitility of water as a solvent allows it to serve as the medium of transport for so many materials. This is true both for individual organism and for the biosphere as a whole. The essential transport systems including blood, lymph, and urine are all water based. Without water’s solvent capabilities to make three systems work, life could not exist. A LESS DENSE SOLID FORM. Water exists in liquid form over a wide range of temperatures outside of which life  processes are slowed down or halted completely. Between 4ÌŠc and the freezing point at 0ÌŠc, an amazing thing happens that occurs with very few substances, Water gradually expands becoming less dense. Water is the only substance where the liquid state is heavier than the solid state. All other substances the solid form is denser than the liquid form. Since the density of ice is less than that of liquid Walter, ice floats on water. It is very significant that ice expands and floats on water because if lakes and streams froze from the bottom to the top, aquatic life would not even exist, and climate and weather patterns would be altered drastically. This is an important quality of water because as ice forms it floats on top of the water. It acts to provide a thermal blanket for the rest of the water beneath and all its many life forms. This is important because if water b ehaved like all other substances, water bodies would freeze from the bottom up and in most cases would never thaw completely during summer. This would have a dramatic cooling effect globally and would impact all life on earth. LARGE HEAT CAPACITY. The remarkable property of water is its extremely high capacity to absorb heat without a significant increase in temperature. We see examples of this all the time. For example, under the summer sun at the beach, sand will increase in temperature to the point where it is too hot to walk on, whereas the water temperature is still cool, even though both are heated by the same amount of solar heat energy. Water has the largest heat capacity of any common substance. This means that water takes more heat energy to raise the temperature of water a given number of degrees than for any other material. In cooling water gives up more heat than any other material. This property is important globally and individually. Individually, the high heat capacity buffers organisms from sudden extreme shifts in temperature which would be harmful to it. Globally, the oceans moderate seasonal temperature fluctuations. That is why coastal areas are cooler than inland areas at the same lat itude. These differences influence the weather globally. And without weather changes life would be very unbearable. The absorption of huge amounts of solar heat energy by water during the day and the slow release of heat energy during the night is responsible for the moderate climate in the coastal areas. A wider range of temperatures typically exist inland away from bodies of water. If not for the vast oceans on earth tempering the climate life would not exist. This property combines with the MPIBP property to create the water cycle which supports life on earth. HIGH HEAT OF VAPORIZATION. Water has an extraordinarily high heat of vaporization. On average it takes 580 calories to convert one gram of water into water vapour. A value that is higher than any other common substance. This property is of important significance to animals in regulating body temperature because of the large amount of body heat that is required to evaporate water (sweat). Without this property of water, organisms would overheat and die and the climate would be thrown into chaos. SURFACE TENSION. Water has the highest surface tension of any other liquid except Mercury. Surface tension is the attractive force exerted by the molecules below the surface on those at the liquid-air interface. The liquid is restrained from flowing by this inward force. The exceptionally high surface tension of water is due to the hydrogen bonding of water. This is demonstrated when you see an insect being able to support itself on the surface layer of water. The surface tension also leads to a higher viscosity as it doesnt flow as easily. This is known as the clumping effect like the high melting point and boiling point the clumping effect occurs in liquid, that have hydrogen bonding. Conclusion All of these unusual properties stem from the unusual structure and bonding patterns of the water molecule. The molecule is strongly polar because of its uneven distribution of electrons. This allows water to interact easily with other polar substances which accounts for the great solvent power of water. The electronegativity difference between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms in water molecules is responsible for the establishing of hydrogen bonds between molecules. It is the mutual attraction of water molecules that accounts for the ability of water to remain liquid over a broad range of temperature (0oC-100oC) and also for its high heat of vaporization and high heat capacity. Water could not have all these special characteristics/properties without its unique shape and bonding patterns, life could not exist if not for these special properties of water,  especially the hydrogen bond.

An Overview of Gentrification

An Overview of Gentrification Gentrification is defined as the process by which wealthier (mostly middle-income) people move into, renovate, and restore housing and sometimes businesses in inner cities or other deteriorated areas formerly home to poorer people. As such, gentrification affects an areas demographics because this increase in middle-income individuals and families often results in an overall decline in racial minorities. Additionally, household size decreases because low-income families are replaced by young single people and couples desiring to be closer to their jobs and activities in the urban core. The real estate market also changes when gentrification occurs because increases in rents and home prices increase evictions. Once this happens rental units are often switched to condominiums or luxury housing available for purchase. As real estate changes, land use is also altered. Prior to gentrification these areas usually consist of low-income housing and sometimes light industry. After, there is still housing but it is usually high end, along with offices, retail, restaurants, and other forms of entertainment. Finally, because of these changes, gentrification significantly affects an area’s culture and character, making gentrification a controversial process. History and Causes of Gentrification Since Glass came up with the term, there have been numerous attempts to explain why gentrification occurs. Some of the earliest attempts to explain it are through the production- and consumption-side theories. Production-side theory is associated with a geographer, Neil Smith, who explains gentrification based on the relationship between money and production. Smith said that low rents in suburban areas after World War II led to a movement of capital into those areas as opposed to inner cities. As a result, urban areas were abandoned and land value there decreased while land value in the suburbs increased. Smith then came up with his rent-gap theory and used it to explain the process of gentrification. The rent-gap theory itself describes the inequality between the price of land at its current use and the potential price a piece of land could attain under a â€Å"higher and better use.† Using his theory, Smith argued that when the rent-gap was large enough, developers would see the potential profit in redeveloping inner-city areas. The profit attained by redevelopment in these areas closes the rent-gap, leading to higher rents, leases, and mortgages. Thus, the increase in profits associated with Smith’s theory leads to gentrification. The consumption-side theory, professed by geographer David Ley, looks at the characteristics of people performing gentrification and what they consume as opposed to the market to explain gentrification. It is said that these people perform advanced services (for example they are doctors and/or lawyers), enjoy arts and leisure, and demand amenities and are concerned with aesthetics in their cities. Gentrification allows such changes to occur and caters to this population. The Process of Gentrification Over time, these urban pioneers help to redevelop and â€Å"fix-up† run down areas. After doing so, prices go up and the lower income people present there are priced out and replaced with middle and upper-income people. These people then demand greater amenities and housing stock and businesses change to cater to them, again raising prices. These rising prices then force out the remaining population of lower income people and more middle and upper-income people are attracted, perpetuating the cycle of gentrification. Costs and Benefits of Gentrification The largest criticism of gentrification though is its displacement of the redeveloped area’s original inhabitants. Since gentrified areas are often in the run-down urban core, lower-income residents are eventually priced out and are sometimes left with no place to go. In addition, retail chains, services, and social networks are also priced out and replaced with higher-end retail and services. It is this aspect of gentrification that causes the most tension between residents and developers. Despite these criticisms though, there are several benefits to gentrification. Because it often leads to people owning their homes instead of renting, it can sometimes lead to more stability for the local area. It also creates an increased demand for housing so there is less vacant property. Finally, supporters of gentrification say that because of the increased presence of residents in the downtown, businesses there benefit because there are more people spending in the area. Whether it is viewed as positive or negative, however, there is no doubt that gentrified areas are becoming important parts of the fabric of cities worldwide.

Change Model to Expand the Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Change Model to Expand the Business - Essay Example This paper illustrates that in business expansion, the change process plays an essential role to evaluate present performances and future possibilities. Apart from this, planning plays a very valuable role during the change process. An appropriate change model is required to be implemented with the intention of ensuring that the expansion process is conducted successfully. Subsequently, the success of the change model is dependent on various factors that include communication of the urgency of change, type of change needed and effective communication of change plan. In this context, planning and implementation process are required to be managed successfully in order to enhance probability margin of success. In the present scenario, globalization and advanced technology are the prime factors accountable for business expansion in different overseas market segments. The organization in order to enter the Chinese market segments and conduct business operations successfully is required to ensure that business operations are performed in accordance with the preferences as well as the behavior of customers. The market segments of China are developing rapidly with consumers mostly preferring for local branded products and/or services. In this context, the Chinese consumers are identified to have minimum needs or preferences for foreign products and/or services. Thus, it can be evidently asserted that in order to establish a business relation in a Chinese market, the organization is required to adopt effective change model to ensure that business operations are conducted on the basis of market demands.

Cover letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Cover letter - Essay Example I have also learnt communication skills which have not only improved my pronunciation but also enhanced my good command in speaking English. I took English 105 as a unit in the university and one of the objectives required is to be able to attain good writing skills. The course entails the use of four topics in learning English, which include; Media review, Observation, Contact zone and banking of concept education. An improvement of overall quality of work entails summary that is not only clear and precise but also give an overview or try to analyze a wider point of what the topic elaborates. This skill was enhanced through a review of a movie about Chinese history especially about the last Emperor. The movie shows how the last king Pu Yi could not rule the empire as forerunners did and ended up lonely in the Forbidden City. The review of this story enabled me to test my recollection ability of what I watched and how easy I can remember an event that occurred. It also enabled me to be creative on writing a story. The major corrections done here mostly were on punctuations, sentences construction, and general flow of ideas to make the story flow chronologically. Observation is a skill that is of greater importance to a writer or student. An essay written about the Miami children’s hospital describes how the observer was involved in noting the behavior of patient’s parent, nurse and the child who was a patient. The writer describes the scenario as it is. This skill of describing a behavior requires detailed analysis of specific event without generalization. The details described make it provable by the presenter. My third essay was majored on contact with the situation or community around this enabled understanding of myself in relation to the community I interacted with an exemplary way of revealing yourself is by writing of how you became aware of something, how to gain a way of new world and a new